Science & Technology

The empires of Ghana and Mail utilized technological and scientific knowledge to benefit their societies. Since the climate in the area dictated long dry periods interrupted only by short wet spells, both empires learned to manipulate resources. By understanding the ecology of the region, especially the savanna, the empires could predict when the weather was going to change. This allowed cultivators to track growing seasons and ensure successful harvests.


Along with this understanding of climate, the empires’ ability to develop relevant technology allowed them to flourish. Iron ores riddled the West African region. The availability of this natural resource allowed Ghanaian and Malian artisans to forge numerous metal items. A plethora of skilled blacksmith arose in the region and developed advanced iron weapons, which allowed the empires’ to conquer surrounding territories. The introduction of camels and horses to the region also promoted growth and success for the empires. With the introduction of camels, trade was established in the region and merchants could carry heavier loads on the trans-Saharan trade routes. Deserts dominated the region and travelling was a very difficult and dangerous task. While the hazards remained, camels were adapted to the harsh conditions of the savannas and made trade easier. These animals also strengthened armies by providing a cavalry. Without this access to camels and horses, the West African empires would not have thrived.